Historical

"Slavery is contrary to the natural right whereby all men are born free and independent," Montesquieu wrote in 1748, at a time when the slaveship of the Negroes of Africa ensured the economic prosperity of part of Europe. Montesquieu's phrase will be famous in France and England, and will contribute to sensitizing public opinion to condemn slavery in the Western world. Older than AltaDate In time immemorial, dating back to before writing, warriors did not hesitate to kill their enemies, after abusing them. Then the natures gradually "refined", and the victors realized that they could get rid of the menial labor if they gave it to the vanquished, in exchange for some sustenance. Sumerian slavery The first Sumerian cities with a peasant tendency were concentrated on the coasts of the Persian Gulf and in the Tigris and Euphrates Delta. Once stability was restored, the exploitation of the land required a lot of cheap labour to build irrigation facilities, maintain t...

 During the 15th and 16th centuries, Europe underwent economic and social changes, which contributed to the flourishing of the movement for the revival and renewal of the culture and art of the ancient world. Hence the name of the European Renaissance. This revival and renewal was carried out by intellectuals who were concerned with human beings and educated, and in doing so they created the conditions for the launch of the religious reform. Intellectual and artistic renaissance Factors of the European intellectual and artistic renaissance Several factors helped the emergence of the intellectual and artistic renaissance: In the socio-economic sphere, trade developed, was expanded by major European explorations, and resulted in the acquisition of important wealth that led to the emergence of banks and the revival of life in cities thanks to the growth of the mercantile bourgeoisie. In the cultural field, attention was focused on learning ancient languages, especially Greek and Roman...

Civilizations around the world have been celebrating the beginning of each new year for at least four thousand years. Today, most New Year's Eve celebrations begin on December 31 (New Year's Eve), the last day of the Gregorian calendar, and continue until the early hours of January 1 (New Year's Day). Common traditions include attending parties, eating New Year's foods, making New Year's resolutions, and watching fireworks displays. Early New Year Celebrations The earliest recorded celebrations in honor of the arrival of the New Year date back some 4000,11 years to the ancient city of Babylon, Iraq. For the Babylonians, the first new moon after the vernal equinox – in late March with an equal amount of sunlight and darkness – heralded the beginning of a new year. They celebrated the occasion with a huge religious festival called Akito (derived from the Sumerian word for barley, which is cut off in spring) which included different rituals on each of its <> days...

 The crisis of 1929 originated in the United States of America, spread to the rest of the capitalist countries and their colonies, and the crisis touched various fields, and had profound repercussions on the development of internal events in the affected countries and on the existing international relations. The general situation of capitalist countries between the wars and the deep roots of the crisis Capitalist enterprises became more concentrated and their production inflated at a time when domestic purchasing power shrank and protectionism was generalized. The capitalist system relied on the search for increasing profits as its primary driver. It granted individuals and enterprises absolute freedom of control in production and marketing, thus opening the way for intense competition between producers, and exposing society to periodic economic crises whenever the balance between production (supply) and consumption (demand) was disturbed. These crises were preceded by periods of r...

The first goal of the Allies during World War II was to eliminate the fascist regimes whose expansionist policy had triggered World War II, while at the same time establishing new rules for world peace. After the war, it turned out that the common struggle against fascism concealed the fundamental contradiction between the Allies in terms of ideology and goals. This contradiction led to the division of the world after the war into two rival camps: the Eastern camp led by the Soviet Union and the Western camp led by the United States of America. In the context of this new situation, international relations have been characterized by tension and détente, and by the efforts of a large number of newly independent States to stay away from the two camps and to work towards a new international balance. Attempts to establish peace The alliance established during the war between the Soviet Union on the one hand and the United States and Britain on the other was not so much a natural alliance, a...

  The Republic of China (1912–1949) was the official designation of the state that succeeded the last imperial dynasty of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). The People's Republic was founded in the hope of establishing a modern state capable of getting rid of the image of the former traditional rule to rise and enter the circle of the international community. But from the beginning, the Chinese Republic has been plagued by internal conflicts. President Yuan Shikai and others attempted to revive the imperial monarchy, while revolutionary Sun Yat-sen was only able to control his hometown in Guangdong Province, and several groups of warlords competed with each other for power. The Chinese Patriotic Movement and the People's Republic of China At the beginning of the twentieth century, China experienced a general crisis and had a population of about 400 million people at the beginning of the twentieth century, 90% of whom lived in the valleys. While agricultural land is in the hands of a...